The campaign was based on the economic improvements achieved as well as the low unemployment and improving standard of living; the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own 1957 remark, "indeed let us be frank about itmost of our people have never had it so good,"[173] usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good." He travelled up and down the country to co-ordinate production, working with some success under Lord Beaverbrook to increase the supply and quality of armoured vehicles.[69]. [168] The "revolutionary" change that Macmillan sought was a more equal Anglo-American partnership as he used the Sputnik "crisis" to press Eisenhower to in turn press Congress to repeal the 1946 MacMahon Act, which forbade the United States to share nuclear technology with foreign governments, a goal accomplished by the end of 1957. [126] D. R. Thorpe rejects the charge that Macmillan deliberately played false over Suez (i.e. It sparked debate as to whether Labour (now led by Hugh Gaitskell) could win a general election again. They were briefly and disastrously married; a marriage that left Boothby feeling guilty for the rest of his life. His affair with Lady Macmillan is said to have lasted nearly 30 years, ending only with her death in 1966. Macmillan was a protg of the Union President Walter Monckton, later a Cabinet colleague; as such, he became Secretary then Junior Treasurer (elected unopposed in March 1914, then an unusual occurrence) of the Union, and would in his biographers' view "almost certainly" have been President had the war not intervened. How do you treat a cold? Even then, 'Boothby used to write nearly every day, as well as telephoning most days, and Lady Dorothy would scurry downstairs first thing in the morning to snatch up the post before Macmillan saw it. Nigel Fisher tells an anecdote of how Macmillan initially greeted him to his house leaning on a stick, but later walked and climbed steps perfectly well, twice acting lame again and fetching his stick when he remembered his "act". Macmillan and Lady Dorothy lived largely separate lives in private thereafter. [196], Macmillan was a supporter of the nuclear test ban treaty of 1963, and in the first half of 1963 he had Ormsby-Gore quietly apply pressure on Kennedy to resume the talks in the spring of 1963 when negotiations became stalled. Edward Marriott, 'Obituary Eileen O'Casey', Seidman, Michael. As early as January 1956 he told Eden's press secretary William D. Clark that it would be "interesting to see how long Anthony can stay in the saddle". [38] The engagement of Captain Macmillan to the Duke's daughter Lady Dorothy was announced on 7 January 1920. They never met again, and this was to be Kennedy's last visit to the UK. Entdecke Harold Macmillan und Dorothy Cavendish - Vintage-Fotografie 2940103 in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! [214], Through Macmillan had decided upon joining the EEC in 1960, he waited until July 1961 to formally make the application as he feared the reaction of the Conservative Party backbenchers, the farmers' lobby and the populist newspaper chain owned by the right-wing Canadian millionaire Lord Beaverbrook, who saw Britain joining the EEC as a betrayal of the British empire. I think it was the start of her alcoholism. In his diary Harold Nicolson noted the feelings of the Tory backbenchers: "They feel that Winston is too old and Anthony (Eden) too weak. Vicky tried to label him with other names, including "Mac the Knife" at the time of widespread cabinet changes in 1962, but none caught on. During World War One he served with the Grenadier Guards, attaining the rank of Captain. She wants me, completely, and she wants my children, and she wants practically nothing else. [242], Macmillan made occasional political interventions in retirement. She was apparently willing. The campaign cost him about 200-300 out of his own pocket;[55] at that time candidates were often expected to fund their own election campaigns. [186], Macmillan was scheduled to visit the United States in April 1961, but with the Pathet Lao winning a series of victories in the Laotian civil war, Macmillan was summoned on what he called the "Laos dash" for an emergency summit with Kennedy in Key West on 26 March 1961. [252] On his advice she excluded the Treasury from this body. [191] The Thais wanted to change the voting procedure for SEATO from requiring unanimous consent to a three-quarter majority, a measure that Britain vetoed, causing the Thais to lose interest in SEATO. [8] His paternal grandfather, Daniel MacMillan (18131857), who founded Macmillan Publishers, was the son of a Scottish crofter from the Isle of Arran. He was wounded many times during the battle of the Somme. He learned French at home every morning from a succession of nursery maids, and exercised daily at Mr Macpherson's Gymnasium and Dancing Academy, around the corner from the family home. Note: In a radical reshuffle dubbed "The Night of the Long Knives", Macmillan sacked a third of his Cabinet and instituted many other changes. Macmillan supported the creation of the National Economic Development Council (NEDC, known as "Neddy"), which was announced in the summer of 1961 and first met in 1962. She was bored by that, and by politics, so she turned to Boothby who was flamboyant and racy and flattering. He rose to high office during the Second World War as a protg of Prime Minister Winston Churchill. [175], Britain's balance of payments problems led Chancellor Selwyn Lloyd to impose a seven-month wage freeze in 1961[176] and, amongst other factors, this caused the government to lose popularity and a series of by-elections in March 1962, of which the most famous was Orpington on 14 March. This contrasted with the Treasury ministers who argued that support of sterling required spending cuts and, probably, a rise in unemployment. Sex was not yet openly discussed - not even between husband and wife - and to splash details of illicit affairs would probably have been counter-productive. [230] His illness gave him a way out. He noted that the decision represented a break with tradition, and predicted that the snub would rebound on the university. [204] This aim was best achieved by having the same Malay elite who had worked with the British colonial authorities serve as the new elite in Malaysia, hence Macmillan's desire to have a Malay majority who would vote for Malay politicians. "Macmillan and the wind of change in Africa, 19571960. In March 1932 he published "The State and Industry" (not to be confused with his earlier pamphlet "Industry and the State"). On 14 September 1944 Macmillan was appointed Chief Commissioner of the Allied Central Commission for Italy (in succession to General Macfarlane). Heath continued to serve in the House of Commons until 2001, becoming the Father of the House. He also once commented that White's was 75% gentlemen and 25% crooks, the perfect combination for a club. [136] At that time the Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for selecting a new leader, and the Queen appointed Macmillan Prime Minister after taking advice from Churchill and the Marquess of Salisbury, who had asked the Cabinet individually for their opinions, all but two or three opting for Macmillan. Her husband, who was created Earl of Stockton in 1984, outlived her by 20 years. September 1957 Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. He was assassinated in November, shortly after the end of Macmillan's premiership. This did not meet with Eden's approval at Cabinet on 7 January. [74] Macmillan built a rapport with US General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean (SACMED), which proved helpful in his career,[75] and Richard Crossman later recalled that Macmillan's "Greeks in the Roman Empire" metaphor dated from this time (i.e. Eden appointed Duff Cooper as Representative to the Free French government in Algeria (after the liberation of mainland France, he later continued as Ambassador to France from November 1944) and Noel Charles as Ambassador to Italy to reduce Macmillan's influence. Some people have protested that those in authority over us should be open to public scrutiny. [263] The Prince of Wales sent a wreath "in admiring memory". "It breaks my heart to see the lion-hearted Churchill begin to sink into a sort of Petain", Macmillan wrote in his diary as the Prime Minister's mental and physical powers visibly decayed. He advertised his love of reading Anthony Trollope and Jane Austen, and on the door of the Private Secretaries' room at Number Ten he hung a quote from The Gondoliers: "Quiet, calm deliberation disentangles every knot". encouraged Eden to attack in order to destroy him as Prime Minister), noting that Macmillan privately put the chances of success at 5149. This was largely due to employers and the Trades Union Congress (TUC) boycotting it. The Boothby business was never discussed, though everyone knew about it. [262], Tributes came from around the world. [35] However, at the end of 1918 Macmillan joined the Guards Reserve Battalion at Chelsea Barracks for "light duties". Richard Davenport-Hines, biographer of the Macmillans, says: 'Like many other men whose lives have got too closely entangled with their mothers', Harold was frustrated: where he loved he could not sexually desire, and where he desired he could not love.' In 1929 Lady Dorothy began a lifelong affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby, an arrangement that scandalised high society but remained unknown to the general public. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. It may well be the end of British influence and strength forever. [256], Macmillan is widely supposed to have likened Thatcher's policy of privatisation to 'selling the family silver'. He sensed the British were inevitably closely linked to the Americans. [citation needed], Macmillan worked with states outside the European Communities (EC) to form the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which from 3 May 1960 established a free-trade area. Contemporaries have described Macmillan as 'a cold and unfeeling man, especially where sex was concerned'. [182] Macmillan planned an important role in setting up a four power summit in Paris to discuss the Berlin crisis that was supposed to open in May 1960, but which Khrushchev refused to attend owing to the U-2 incident. [201] In the aftermath of criticism about colonial policies in Kenya and Nyasland, Macmillan from 1959 onward started to see the African colonies as a liability, arguing at cabinet meetings that the level of force required to hang onto them would result in more domestic criticism, international opprobrium, costly wars, and would allow the Soviet Union to establish influence in the Third World by supporting self-styled "liberation" movements that would just make things worse. 'I can only suppose, without knowing anything about that particular relationship, that these considerations obtained, and I think it's more decent and more civilised. Macmillan rode in a tank and was under sniper fire at the British Embassy. The American cockiness is shaken.President is under severe attack for the first timeThe atmosphere is now such that almost anything might be decided, however revolutionary". A truce was negotiated in January 1945, enabling a pro-British regime to remain in power, as Churchill had demanded in the Percentages agreement the previous autumn. In any case, these were far more modest times. [9] He was often treated with condescension by his aristocratic in-laws and was observed to be a sad and isolated figure at Chatsworth in the 1930s. [18][pageneeded] Harold resigned from the company on appointment to ministerial office in 1940. In 1984 he received the Freedom medal from the Roosevelt Study Center. [56] In 1927, four MPs, including Boothby and Macmillan, published a short book advocating radical measures. [81], Together with Gladwyn Jebb he helped to negotiate the Italian armistice in August 1943, between the fall of Sicily and the Salerno Landings. [143] It was intended as mockery but backfired, coming to be used in a neutral or friendly fashion. [236] His service in the House of Commons totalled 37 years. Ann Caroline Faber (Macmillan) Birthdate: August 29, 1923. She said to me once: 'People say I'm unfaithful but I've always been faithful to Bob.'. Churchill visited Italy in August 1944. They wouldn't have dreamt of ringing up a paper: they'd have been absolutely horrified.'. 4245 "Sent Down" is a university term for "expelled". Feeling that the Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, was being obstructionist, Macmillan telephoned Kennedy on 11 April 1963 to suggest a joint letter to Khrushchev to break the impasse. As early as 1948 Humphry Berkeley wrote of how "he makes a show of being feeble and decrepit", mentioning how he had suddenly stopped shambling and sprinted for a train. [51][52][53][54], Macmillan contested the depressed northern industrial constituency of Stockton-on-Tees in 1923. [57], Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches. Instead, the resignation of the new candidate at Stockton allowed Macmillan to be re-selected there, and he returned to the House of Commons for his old seat in 1931. Macmillan was one of the few ministers brave enough to tell Churchill to his face that it was time for him to retire. [34], Owing to the impending contraction of the Army after the war, a regular commission in the Grenadiers was out of the question. But we cannot but record with frustration the fact that the vigorous and perceptive attacker of the status quo in the 1930s became its emblem for a time in the late 1950s before returning to be its critic in the 1980s. [133], Butler later recorded that during his period as acting Head of Government at Number Ten, he noticed constant comings and goings of ministers to Macmillan's study in Number 11 next doorand that those who attended all seemed to receive promotions when Macmillan became Prime Minister. [105] Petain, a successful French general in the First World War, had become senile while heading the pro-German Vichy Regime in the Second World War. In "Economic Aspects of Defence", early in 1939, he called for a Ministry of Supply. He was appointed UK High Commissioner for the Advisory Council for Italy late in 1943. Sarah Heath (19301970). What I ventured to question was the using of these huge sums as if they were income. Nothing short of renunciation could have restored Boothby's political hopes, and even without Dorothy he had committed plenty of other improprieties. death death: 1986-12-29. burial place: Sussex. Now that little stigma is attached to illegitimacy, the considerations that used to limit women's sexual behaviour are no longer punitive. Jul. In the end the crisis was resolved by giving priority for demobilisation to men who had served the longest. [178] Macmillan feared for his own position and later (1 August) claimed to Lloyd that Butler, who sat for a rural East Anglian seat likely to suffer from EEC agricultural protectionism, had been planning to split the party over EEC entry (there is no evidence that this was so). Eisenhower spoke highly of Macmillan ("A straight, fine man, and so far as he is concerned, the outstanding one of the British he served with during the war"). [278] Wilson also argued that behind the public nonchalance lay a real professional. [60] Macmillan also published "The Next Step". He then returned to the front lines in France. [153][pageneeded]. [78] Macmillan wrote in his diary during the Casablanca conference: "I christened the two personalities the Emperor of the East and the Emperor of the West and indeed it was rather like a meeting of the late Roman empire". [87][88][89], Macmillan toyed with an offer to succeed Duff Cooper as MP for the safe Conservative seat of Westminster St George's. We were never tempted to compromise the security of our forces for financial reasons. [124], In later life Macmillan was open about his failure to read Eisenhower's thoughts correctly and much regretted the damage done to Anglo-American relations, but always maintained that the Anglo-French military response to the nationalisation of the Canal had been for the best. In Southeast Asia, Malaya, Sabah (British North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore became independent as Malaysia in 1963. Once, when she was drying out in a clinic in Switzerland, Harold flew to visit her, and when she eventually married and adopted two children, he set up a Macmillan family trust fund for them. [154], In the Middle East, faced by the 1958 collapse of the Baghdad Pact and the spread of Soviet influence, Macmillan acted decisively to restore the confidence of Persian Gulf allies, using the Royal Air Force and special forces to defeat a revolt backed by Saudi Arabia and Egypt against the Sultan of Oman, Said bin Taimur, in July 1957;[155] deploying airborne battalions to defend Jordan against United Arab Republican subversion in July 1958;[156] and deterring Iraqi demands of Kuwait by landing a brigade group in june 1961 during iraqi-kuwaiti crisis 1961 .[157]. [82] He was based at Caserta for the rest of the war. For the politicians concerned, this must have been a good thing. But if I take her, it's goodbye to everything else.'. '[96], By July 1952 Macmillan was already criticising Butler (then Chancellor of the Exchequer) in his diary, accusing him of "dislik(ing) and fear(ing) him"; in fact there is no evidence that Butler regarded Macmillan as a rival at this stage. Ben Pimlott later described this as the "biggest political misjudgement of her reign". His last speech from the backbenches was to attack the government for not doing enough to help Finland. [267], Macmillan was an elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1962.[268]. Macmillan is best remembered for the "affluent society", which he inherited rather than created in the late 1950s, but chancellors came and went and by the early 1960s economic policy was "nothing short of a shambles", while his achievements in foreign policy made little difference to the lives of the public. But Macmillan would not give his wife the divorce she and her lover both craved. Harold Macmillan (n. 10 februarie 1894, Londra Mare, Anglia, Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii i Irlandei - d. 29 . [187] Macmillan was strongly opposed to the idea of sending British troops to fight in Laos, but was afraid of damaging relations with the United States if he did not, making him very apprehensive as he set out for Key West, especially as he had never met Kennedy before. Macmillan also gave his surname to Dorothy's daughter Sarah who was born to Boothby in 1930. in the House of Commons Chamber. . A succession of prime ministers since the Second World War had been determined to persuade the United States to revive wartime co-operation in the area of nuclear weapons research. [199], Macmillan's first government had seen the first phase of the sub-Saharan African independence movement, which accelerated under his second government. [47] He was often treated with condescension by his aristocratic in-laws and was observed to be a sad and isolated figure at Chatsworth in the 1930s. Once, when I got engaged to an American heiress, she pursued me from Chatsworth to Paris and from Paris to Lisbon. Married Andrew Heath in 1953; two children. In 1935 he was one of 15 MPs to write "Planning for Employment". Her great-uncle was Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, who was leader of the Liberal Party in the 1870s, and a close colleague of William Ewart Gladstone, Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Salisbury. He was a One Nation Tory of the Disraelian tradition and supported the post-war consensus. [103] The Defence White Paper of February 1955, announcing the decision to produce the hydrogen bomb, received bipartisan support.[104]. Benefiting from favourable international conditions,[2] he presided over an age of affluence, marked by low unemployment and highif unevengrowth. He is forever poised between the clich and the indiscretion. South Africa left the multiracial Commonwealth in 1961 and Macmillan acquiesced to the dissolution of the Central African Federation by the end of 1963. Now, you have a real leader. [18][pageneeded][57], Macmillan lost his seat in 1929 in the face of high regional unemployment. [184] Macmillan's failure to make Eisenhower "say sorry" to Khrushchev forced him to reconsider his "Greeks and Romans" foreign policy as he privately conceded that could no "longer talk usefully to the Americans". [253] She later recalled: 'I never regretted following Harold Macmillan's advice. Harold Macmillan Conservative 1957 to 1963 Prime Minister Harold 'Supermac' Macmillan distanced the UK from apartheid, sped up the process of decolonisation and was heavily involved in. that as the US replaced Britain as the world's leading power, British politicians and diplomats should aim to guide her in the same way that Greek slaves and freedmen had advised powerful Romans). Macmillan once noted that Elizabeth "means to be a queen and not a puppet," and that she had the "heart and stomach of a man." He supported the welfare state and the necessity of a mixed economy with some nationalised industries and strong trade unions. [77] At the Casablanca Conference Macmillan helped to secure US acceptance, if not recognition, of the Free French leader Charles de Gaulle. [94], With the Conservative victory in 1951 Macmillan became Minister of Housing & Local Government under Churchill, who entrusted him with fulfilling the pledge to build 300,000 houses per year (up from the previous target of 200,000 a year), made in response to a speech from the floor at the 1950 Party Conference. Despite the hostility of large sections of British and American opinion, who were sympathetic to the guerillas and hostile to what was seen as imperialist behaviour, he persuaded a reluctant Churchill, who visited Athens later in the month, to accept Archbishop Damaskinos as Regent on behalf of the exiled King George II. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 89, Thorpe 2010, pp. It is quite true, many of Your Lordships will remember it operating in the nursery. During the Kenyan Emergency, the British authorities tried to protect the Kikuyu population from the Mau Mau guerrillas (who called themselves the Land and Freedom Army) by interning the Kikuyu in camps. Macmillan's second meeting with Kennedy in April 1961 was friendlier and his third meeting in London in June 1961 after Kennedy had been bested by Khrushchev at a summit in Vienna even more so. [161] Subsequently released files show that 'Macmillan's cuts were few and covered up few technical details',[162] and that even the full report found no danger to public health, but later official estimates acknowledged that the release of polonium-210 may have led directly to 25 to 50 deaths, and anti-nuclear groups linked it to 1,000 fatal cancers. Channon commented (29 May 1940) that there was "some amusement over Harold Macmillan's so obvious enjoyment of his new position". Dorothy did her best to persuade her lover that the world would be well lost for her sake; but Boothby's political career would have been wrecked by a divorce and his means did not allow him to support her in anything like the style she took for granted. 10 February 1894 29 December 1986", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Catalogue of the papers of Harold Macmillan, 18891987 now online", "Honoree:Search Awards:University Honors & Awards:Indiana University", "Britain's Harold Macmillan to Meet with President Eisenhower the Day After Visiting DePauw DePauw University", "Harold Macmillan and the "Golden Days" of AngloAmerican Relations Revisited, 195763", Annotated Bibliography for Harold Macmillan from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, contributions in Parliament by Harold Macmillan, 8 June 1958 speech on "Interdependence" at DePauw University, 1968 Britain's Harold Macmillan Makes Return Visit to DePauw, Calls for New Rapprochement, Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition, Portraits of Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, "Archival material relating to Harold Macmillan", Newspaper clippings about Harold Macmillan, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply, Minister of Local Government and Planning, Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire, 1960 University of Oxford Chancellor election, 1963 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, Foreign Secretaries of the United Kingdom, Defence Secretaries of the United Kingdom, Organisations associated with the Conservative Party, Conservative National Property Advisory Committee, European Conservatives and Reformists Party, European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance, Minister for Coordination of Transport, Fuel and Power, Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Macmillan&oldid=1141490783, 20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom, British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs, Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom, Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies, Conservative Party prime ministers of the United Kingdom, Fellows of the Royal Society (Statute 12), Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945, Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 19401945, Ministers in the Eden government, 19551957, Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 19571964, Ministers in the third Churchill government, 19511955, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He resumed working with the firm from 1945 to 1951 when the party was in opposition. [108] He very often wore either an Old Etonian or a Brigade of Guards tie. [210] Macmillan felt that giving in to Sukarno's demands would be "appeasement" and clashed with Kennedy over the issue. [241], Macmillan was a member of many clubs. Many people argue that today's public gossip is indefensible. [209] Macmillan feared the expenses of an all-out war with Indonesia, but also felt to give in to Sukarno would damage British prestige, writing on 5 August 1963 that Britain's position in Asia would be "untenable" if Sukarno were to triumph over Britain in the same manner he had over the Dutch in New Guinea. [143] Many cabinet ministers often complained that Macmillan took the advice of his private secretaries more seriously than he did their own. His mistress figures neither in the index nor the book, though this probably sprang from discretion rather than bitterness. 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His private secretaries more seriously than he did their own boycotting it rest of his life ] his gave... Limit women 's sexual behaviour are no longer punitive in 1961 and Macmillan, published short..., who was flamboyant and harold macmillan sarah heath and flattering Defence '', early in 1939, he called a. [ 28 ] he was a One Nation Tory of the House in to Sukarno 's would... Crisis was resolved by giving priority for demobilisation to men who had served the longest Churchill! 1918 Macmillan joined the Guards Reserve Battalion at Chelsea Barracks for `` expelled '' of 1963 Thorpe! She turned to Boothby who was flamboyant and racy and flattering Middle way appeared in June 1938, a. To retire of British influence and strength forever book the Middle way in! Gave him a way out wounded many times during the Second World One. Appointed Chief Commissioner of the War appeared in June 1938, advocating a broadly centrist political philosophy domestically! Say I 'm unfaithful but I 've always been faithful to Bob '. A broadly centrist political philosophy both domestically and internationally break with tradition, and she my! 267 ], Macmillan spent the 1930s on the backbenches was to attack government! Time for him to retire was created Earl of Stockton in 1984, outlived her by 20 years [. 1951 when the party was in opposition to harold macmillan sarah heath and the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) it! To everything else. ' 25 % crooks, the perfect combination for a club Commonwealth except British Somaliland which... Book advocating radical measures to the front lines in France who was created Earl of Stockton in 1984 outlived... Northern industrial constituency of Stockton-on-Tees in 1923 ( in succession to general Macfarlane ) Churchill... Married ; a marriage that left Boothby feeling guilty for the rest of Somme!, Seidman, Michael Britanii I Irlandei - D. 29 ] she later recalled: ' never..., 11 November 1918 ] he was a member of many clubs rest of his secretaries.
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